![]() The scaffold provides a biomimetic environment which resembles the physiological cardiac environment thus, it favors cell attachment and differentiation, and it avoids direct administration of cells into an adverse environmental niche (that is, infarcted myocardium). This alternative consists of seeding cells onto a structural, supportive platform, known as a scaffold, and may also be supplemented with cytokines, growth factors, or peptides. To overcome these limitations, new methods for enhancing the final outcome have been proposed.Ĭardiac tissue engineering offers a plausible solution to the drawbacks encountered previously. However, modest results have been obtained due to massive cell loss after administration, low cellular survival or lack of cellular effect triggered by hypoxic conditions in the host tissue, failure to establish electrical or mechanical heart coupling, which results in arrhythmias, and low rates of cell differentiation into a cardiac lineage. To date, several cell types have been used for cardiac regeneration, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), bone marrow MSCs, cardiac stem cells, cardiac progenitor cells, skeletal myoblasts, endothelial cells (ECs), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ATDSCs), and CMs. Īn alternative, novel therapeutic option is to deliver cells into the injured myocardium this approach was demonstrated to be safe and feasible. Nonetheless, transplantation is highly limited by heart donor availability and host immunological response against the donated organ. Among the current therapies, only heart transplantation can fully achieve all these outcomes. For effective MI treatment, it is necessary to limit adverse ventricular remodeling, attenuate myocardial scar expansion, enhance cardiac function and regeneration, and preserve synchronous contractility. In the United States alone, approximately 8 million people per year have a MI episode. Currently, MI remains the most frequent cause of death worldwide. ![]() Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when coronary artery blood flow is blocked. ![]() Although further refinement is necessary in the coming years, promising results indicate that natural scaffolds may be a valuable translational therapeutic option with clinical impact in MI repair. ![]() We also evaluate scaffolds combined with different cell types and proteins for their ability to promote improved heart function, contractility and neovascularization, and attenuate adverse ventricular remodeling. Here, we review several natural scaffolds for applications in MI management, with a focus on pre-clinical studies and clinical trials performed to date. Among available scaffold materials, natural scaffolds are preferable for achieving these purposes because they possess myocardial extracellular matrix properties and structures. It is essential to select the appropriate scaffold material the ideal one should provide a suitable cellular microenvironment, mimic the native myocardium, and allow mechanical and electrical coupling with host tissues. Cardiac tissue engineering, a novel emerging treatment, involves the use of therapeutic cells supported by a scaffold for regenerating the infarcted area. Treating a myocardial infarction (MI), the most frequent cause of death worldwide, remains one of the most exciting medical challenges in the 21st century.
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